Vegetable Oil Polar Or Nonpolar

Viscous water-insoluble liquid

An oil is any nonpolar chemic substance that is composed primarily of hydrocarbons and is both hydrophobic (does not mix with water, literally "water fearing") and lipophilic (mixes with other oils, literally "fat loving"). Oils are normally flammable and surface active. Most oils are unsaturated lipids that are liquid at room temperature.

The general definition of oil includes classes of chemical compounds that may be otherwise unrelated in structure, properties, and uses. Oils may be animal, vegetable, or petrochemical in origin, and may be volatile or non-volatile.^[1] They are used for nutrient (e.g., olive oil), fuel (e.g., heating oil), medical purposes (due east.g., mineral oil), lubrication (e.g. motor oil), and the industry of many types of paints, plastics, and other materials. Especially prepared oils are used in some religious ceremonies and rituals as purifying agents.

Etymology

First attested in English 1176, the word oil comes from Old French oile, from Latin oleum,^[ii] which in turn comes from the Greek ἔλαιον (elaion), "olive oil, oil"^[iii] and that from ἐλαία (elaia), "olive tree", "olive fruit".^[4] ^[5] The earliest attested forms of the word are the Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀨𐀺 , e-ra-wo and 𐀁𐁉𐀺 , east-rai-wo, written in the Linear B syllabic script.^[six]

Types

Organic oils

Organic oils are produced in remarkable diversity by plants, animals, and other organisms through natural metabolic processes. Lipid is the scientific term for the fatty acids, steroids and similar chemicals often found in the oils produced by living things, while oil refers to an overall mixture of chemicals. Organic oils may likewise contain chemicals other than lipids, including proteins, waxes (grade of compounds with oil-like properties that are solid at common temperatures) and alkaloids.

Lipids can be classified past the style that they are fabricated by an organism, their chemical construction and their limited solubility in h2o compared to oils. They take a high carbon and hydrogen content and are considerably defective in oxygen compared to other organic compounds and minerals; they tend to exist relatively nonpolar molecules, but may include both polar and nonpolar regions as in the instance of phospholipids and steroids.^[7]

Mineral oils

Crude oil, or petroleum, and its refined components, collectively termed petrochemicals, are crucial resource in the mod economy. Rough oil originates from ancient fossilized organic materials, such as zooplankton and algae, which geochemical processes convert into oil.^[8] The proper name "mineral oil" is a misnomer, in that minerals are not the source of the oil—aboriginal plants and animals are. Mineral oil is organic. Still, it is classified every bit "mineral oil" instead of equally "organic oil" considering its organic origin is remote (and was unknown at the time of its discovery), and considering it is obtained in the vicinity of rocks, secret traps, and sands. Mineral oil likewise refers to several specific distillates of rough oil.^{[ citation needed ]}

Applications

Cooking

Several edible vegetable and animal oils, and likewise fats, are used for various purposes in cooking and nutrient preparation. In particular, many foods are fried in oil much hotter than boiling h2o. Oils are also used for flavoring and for modifying the texture of foods (due east.g. stir fry). Cooking oils are derived either from fauna fat, as butter, lard and other types, or plant oils from olive, maize, sunflower and many other species.^[9]

Cosmetics

Oils are applied to hair to requite it a lustrous look, to prevent tangles and roughness and to stabilize the hair to promote growth. Run into hair conditioner.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Religion

Oil has been used throughout history as a religious medium. It is oftentimes considered a spiritually purifying agent and is used for anointing purposes. As a item example, holy anointing oil has been an important ritual liquid for Judaism^[x] and Christianity.^[xi]

Painting

Color pigments are easily suspended in oil, making information technology suitable every bit a supporting medium for paints. The oldest known extant oil paintings date from 650 AD.^[12]

Heat transfer

Oils are used as coolants in oil cooling, for instance in electric transformers. Heat transfer oils are used both as coolants (run across oil cooling), for heating (e.g. in oil heaters) and in other applications of heat transfer.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Lubrication

Given that they are non-polar, oils practise not easily adhere to other substances. This makes them useful as lubricants for diverse engineering purposes. Mineral oils are more than ordinarily used every bit machine lubricants than biological oils are. Whale oil is preferred for lubricating clocks, because it does not evaporate, leaving dust, although its use was banned in the USA in 1980.^[13]

Information technology is a long-running myth that spermaceti from whales has yet been used in NASA projects such equally the Hubble Infinite Telescope and the Voyager probe because of its extremely low freezing temperature. Spermaceti is not actually an oil, but a mixture mostly of wax esters, and there is no bear witness that NASA has used whale oil.^[fourteen]

Fuel

Some oils burn down in liquid or aerosol form, generating calorie-free, and heat which tin can be used directly or converted into other forms of energy such as electricity or mechanical work. In order to obtain many fuel oils, crude oil is pumped from the ground and is shipped via oil tanker or a pipeline to an oil refinery. There, it is converted from crude oil to diesel fuel (petrodiesel), ethane (and other brusque-chain alkanes), fuel oils (heaviest of commercial fuels, used in ships/furnaces), gasoline (petrol), jet fuel, kerosene, benzene (historically), and liquefied petroleum gas. A 42-US-gallon (35 imp gal; 160 L) butt of crude oil produces approximately ten United states gallons (eight.3 imp gal; 38 L) of diesel, iv The states gallons (3.three imp gal; 15 L) of jet fuel, nineteen US gallons (16 imp gal; 72 50) of gasoline, 7 U.s. gallons (5.8 imp gal; 26 50) of other products, 3 Us gallons (ii.5 imp gal; 11 L) split betwixt heavy fuel oil and liquified petroleum gases,^[xv] and 2 US gallons (1.seven imp gal; vii.6 L) of heating oil. The total production of a barrel of crude into various products results in an increase to 45 United states of america gallons (37 imp gal; 170 L).^[fifteen]

In the 18th and 19th centuries, whale oil was commonly used for lamps, which was replaced with natural gas and then electricity.^[16]

Chemical feedstock

Rough oil tin can be refined into a wide variety of component hydrocarbons. Petrochemicals are the refined components of crude oil^[17] and the chemical products made from them. They are used as detergents, fertilizers, medicines, paints, plastics, synthetic fibers, and synthetic rubber.

Organic oils are another important chemical feedstock, particularly in green chemistry.

Come across also

Emulsifier, a chemic which allows oil and h2o to mix

References

^ "oil". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford Academy Printing. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ oleum. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Brusque. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Projection.
^ ἔλαιον . Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Projection.
^ ἐλαία in Liddell and Scott.
^ Harper, Douglas. "oil". Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ "The Linear B word e-ra-wo". Palaeolexicon. Give-and-take written report tool of ancient languages. "e-ra3-wo". Archived from the original on 2016-03-21. Retrieved 2014-03-22 . Raymoure, K.A. "due east-ra-wo". Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B. Deaditerranean. Archived from the original on 2016-03-20. Retrieved 2014-03-22 .
^ Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter. Molecular Biology of the Jail cell. New York: Garland Science, 2002, pp. 62, 118-119.
^ Kvenvolden, Keith A. (2006). "Organic geochemistry – A retrospective of its first 70 years". Organic Geochemistry. 37: 1. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.09.001.
^ Brown, Jessica. "Which cooking oil is the healthiest?". www.bbc.com. BBC. Retrieved eighteen May 2021.
^ Chesnutt, Randall D. (January 2005). "Perceptions of Oil in Early Judaism and the Meal Formula in Joseph and Aseneth". Journal for the Report of the Pseudepigrapha. 14 (2): 113–132. doi:10.1177/0951820705051955. ISSN 0951-8207. S2CID 161240989.
^ Sahagun, Louis (2008-10-11). "Armenian priests journeying for jars of holy oil". Los Angeles Times.
^ "Oldest Oil Paintings Constitute in Afghanistan", Rosella Lorenzi, Discovery News. February. 19, 2008. Archived June 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Bavarian Clock Haus and Frankenmuth Clock Company". Frankenmuth Clock Visitor & Bavarian Clock Haus.
^ "Troubled waters: Who Would Believe NASA Used Whale Oil on Voyager and Hubble?". Knight Science Journalism at MIT. Archived from the original on 2015-02-15. Retrieved 2015-02-15 .
^ ^a ^b U.Due south. Energy Information Administration (EIA) — Retrieved 2011-ten-02.
^ "Whale Oil". petroleumhistory.org.
^ Kostianoy, Andrey G.; Lavrova, Olga Yu (2014-07-08). Oil Pollution in the Baltic Ocean. Springer. ISBN9783642384769.